七 结论与建议
通过对欧盟阻却法令的分析,我们认为,凡事预则立,不预则废。在当前中美关系日趋紧张的背景下,尽管笔者并不提倡通过所谓的“法律战”来激化中美矛盾,但从防范法律风险的角度来看,中国有必要借鉴欧盟的经验,预备好进行自卫和反击的法律武器。制定自己的阻却法令就是其中一种比较有效的手段。
一方面,中国的跨国企业,特别是与美国有业务往来的企业,应当加强、加深对美国的法律制度的研究,尤其是其具有域外效力的法律法规,强化合规意识,完善合规机制,做好合规计划,开展合规培训,尽可能地降低遭遇经济制裁的风险。
另一方面,中国的外交部门也应综合运用政治、外交和法律手段,积极化解风险。中国立法部门有必要学习欧盟的经验,制定具有积极性和强制性的阻却法令,使之成为我国的一项积极的公共秩序,从而排除外国法律的适用,达到对美国域外经济制裁的反制效果。对违反阻却法令者,规定惩罚措施并严格执行,创设与美国法之间真实的法律冲突,为涉诉时援引国际礼让原则提供法律支撑。同时,还应当加快推进中国法域外适用的法律体制建设,在我国国内法中加上域外适用条款,形成对等威慑力,稳妥适度地进行法律反制,也为中国未来可能采取的法律措施提供国内法依据。最后,中国还应当积极开展国际合作,共同反对美国过度的域外管辖。
[1] 本文为国家社科基金重点课题“中美贸易争端背景下我国应对美国长臂管辖权法律机制研究”(19AFX025)和国家社科基金重大项目“中国特色社会主义对外关系法律体系构建研究”(19ZDA167)的阶段性成果。
[2] 杜涛,男,1971年生,华东政法大学国际法学院党委书记、教授、博士生导师。邮箱:2518@ecupl.edu.cn,电话:18964606902,地址:上海市万航渡路1575号40号楼202室,邮编200042。周美华,女,1983年生,华东政法大学国际法学院博士研究生。邮箱:tanjasommer@163.com,电话:18616875920,地址:上海市杨浦区市光四村221号707室,邮编200438。
[3] Commission Delegated Regulation(EU)2018/1100 of 6 June 2018 Amending the Annex to Council Regulation(EC)No 2271/96 Protecting against the Efforts of Extra-Territorial Application of Legislation Adopted by a Third Country,and Actions Based thereon or Resulting therefrom,OJ LI 199,7.8.2018.
[4] Commission Implementing Regulation(EU)2018/1101 of 3 August 2018 Laying down the Criteria for the Application of the Second Paragraph of Article 5 of Council Regulation(EC)No 2271/96 Protecting against the Effects of the Extra-Territorial Application of Legislation Adopted by a Third Country,and Actions Based thereon or Resulting therefrom,OJ L199,7.8.2018.
[5] European Commission,Notices from European Union Institutions,Bodies,Offices and Agencies,Guidance Note,Questions and Answers:Adoption of Update of the Blocking Statute(2018/C277I/03),7.8.2018.
[6] 阿拉伯国家联盟(The League of Arab States)成立于1945年,由22个阿拉伯国家组成(Comoros,Iraq,Lebanon,Saudi Arabia,Syria,Jordan,Yemen,Kuwait,Bahrain,Oman,Qatar,United Arab Emirates,Gaza Strip and West Bank,Egypt,Libya,Sudan,Morocco,Tunisia,Algeria,Mauritania,Somalia and Djibouti),总部位于埃及首都开罗。
[7] The Unified Law on the Boycott of Israel,League of Arab States Resolution No.849,Dec.11,1954.
[8] See Preston L.Greene Jr.,“The Arab Economic Boycott of Israel:The International Law Perspective,”Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law,Vol.11,Winter 1978,p.79.
[9] 阿拉伯国家联盟对以色列的制裁措施现在名义上仍有效,但自20世纪90年代中期以后,随着中东和平进程的发展,阿拉伯国家联盟对以色列的制裁开始松动。1994年,海湾合作委员会宣布它们不再支持对第三国的次级制裁。1995年,埃及、约旦和巴勒斯坦宣布了同样的政策。巴林、卡塔尔、摩洛哥、科威特、迪拜和也门等国不仅不支持次级制裁,甚至直接与以色列开展贸易。只有叙利亚仍然支持次级制裁,并在2004年对希腊、丹麦和马耳他等国船舶施加了惩罚,因为这些船舶曾在以色列港口停泊。
[10] The Export Administration Amendments of 1977,Pub.L.No.95-52,91.Stat.235.
[11] Export Administration Act of 1979,50 U.S.C.§2407(2000).
[12] 参见该办公室官方网站:http://www.bis.doc.gov/complianceandenforcement/antiboycottcompliance.htm,最后访问日期:2019年10月1日。
[13] 该法规定:“对于加拿大公司和古巴之间的任何贸易或商业活动,加拿大公司以及未经其授权的董事、高级职员、经理或员工,均不得遵守美国的域外措施。”参见http://www.canadiannetworkoncuba.ca/Documents/FEMA-96.shtml#Order,最后访问日期:2019年5月3日。
[14] See Seyed Yaser Ziaee,“Jurisdictional Countermeasures versus Extraterritoriality in International Law,”Russian Law Journal,Volume IV,Issue 4,2016,pp.27-45.
[15] 澳大利亚通过该法案的缘由是美国反垄断法导致四家澳大利亚铀企业被美国法院定罪。See Seyed Yaser Ziaee,“Jurisdictional Countermeasures versus Extraterritoriality in International Law,”Russian Law Journal,Volume IV,Issue 4,2016,pp.27-45.
[16] Deborah Senz/Hilary Charlesworth,“Building Blocks:Australia's Response to Foreign Extraterritorial Legislation,”Melbourne Journal of International Law,Vol.2,2001,pp.69-121.
[17] Council Regulation(EC)No 2271/96 of 22 November 1996 Protecting against the Effects of the Extra-Territorial Application of Legislation Adopted by a Third Country,and Actions Based thereon or Resulting therefrom,OJ L209,29.11.1996.
[18] Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996,Public Law No.104-114,110 Stat.785(1996),22 U.S.Code,§§ 6021-6091(2000).
[19] Guidelines Implementing Title IV of the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act,61 Fed.Reg.30655(1996).
[20] Peter Morton,“Helms-Burton Probe Widens Its Net,”The Financial Post,Oct.1997,p.5.
[21] Harry L.Clark,“Dealing with U.S.Extraterritorial Sanctions and Foreign Countermeasures,”University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law,Vol.20,1999,pp.61-96.
[22] Iran and Libya Sanctions Act,Public LawNo.104-172,110 Stat.1541(1996).
[23] 参见杨元华《赫—伯法案与达马托法案》,《时事报告》1996年第9期,第49-50页。
[24] A.Vaughan Lowe,“US Extraterritorial Jurisdiction:The Helms-Burton and D’Amato Acts,”The International and Comparative Law Quarterly,Vol.46,No.2,1997,p.386.
[25] E.G.J.Anderson,“U.S.Economic Sanctions on Cuba,Iran & Libya:Helms-Burton and the Iran and Libya Sanctions Act,”RDAI(1996)1007;C.T.Graves,“Extraterritoriality and Its Limits:The Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996,”21 Hastings ICLR(1998)715;D.Kaye,“The Helms-Burton Act:Title III and International Claims,”(1997)20 Hastings ICLR 729;A.F.Lowenfeld,“Congress and Cuba:The Helms-Burton Act,”90 AJIL(1996)419;R.L.Muse,“A Public International Law Critique of the Extraterritorial Jurisdiction of the Helms-Burton Act(Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity(Libertad)Act of 1996),”30 Geo Wash JIL Econ(1996-1997)207;E.Vermulst and B.Driessen,“The Choice of a Switch:The European Reaction to the Helms-Burton Act,”11 LJIL(1998)81.
[26] 参见2019年4月18日新华社新闻《美国宣布将允许公民就被古巴“没收”财产提出起诉》:http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2019-04-18/doc-ihvhiqax3610146.shtml,最后访问日期:2019年5月30日。
[27] Joint Action of 22 November 1996,No L 309/7.
[28] E.U.Begins Investigation of Italian Firm for Voting E.U.Anti-Helms-Burton Rules,Daily Rep.for Executives(BNA),Jul.31,1997,at A-2.
[29] Statement by the Representative of the E.C.and Their Member States at the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO,Oct.16,1996.
[30] Hugh Pope,“Shell's Planned Iran Pipeline Poses Test for U.S.,”Wall St.J.,Mar.16,1998,at A15.
[31] 36 I.L.M.529(1997).
[32] 2007年,奥地利政府曾援引欧盟阻却法令对BAWAG银行进行调查,理由是该银行为了遵守美国对古巴的制裁令而取消了一家古巴公司的账户。但后来美国政府授予该银行特别豁免权之后,奥地利政府也撤回了调查。
[33] 杜涛:《欧盟对待域外经济制裁的政策转变及其背景分析》,《德国研究》2012年第3期,第18-31页。
[34] Commission Implementing Regulation(EU)2018/1101 of 3 August 2018 laying down the criteria for the application of the Second Parag of Article 5 of Council Regulation(EC)No 2271/96 Protecting against the Effects of the Extra-Territorial Application of Legislation Adopted by a Third Country,and Actions Based thereon or Resulting therefrom,OJ L199,7.8.2019.
[35] Protection of Trading Interests Act of 1980,Chapter 11,§1.
[36] 2018 No.1357 Protection of Trading Interests,The Extraterritorial US Legislation(Sanctions against Cuba,Iran and Libya)(Protection of Trading Interests)(Amendment)Order 2018.
[37] Austria Charges Bank after Cuban Accounts Cancelled,REUTERS,April 27,2007.
[38] See Harry L.Clark,Lisa W.Wang,Foreign Sanctions Countermeasures and Other Responses to U.S.Extraterritorial Sanctions,Report of National Foreign Trade Council,August 2007,at p.23.
[39] Austria Drops Charges against BAWAG on Cuban Accounts,Austria Presse Agentur,June 21,2007.
[40] Austria Drops Charges against BAWAG on Cuban Accounts,Austria Presse Agentur,June 21,2007.
[41] LG Hamburg 19.Zivilkammer,Urteil vom 28.11.2018,319 O 265/18,Nennung der Zeigniederlassung als Antragstellerin,Vorliegen eines wichtigen Grundes für ein fristlose Kündigung,http://www.landesrecht-hamburg.de/jportal/portal/page/bsharprod.psml?showdoccase=1&doc.id=JURE180019279&st=ent last accessed on 23.Jun,2020.
[42] LG Hamburg 18.Zivilkammer,Urteil vom 15.10.2018,318 O 330/18,Wirksamkeit der Kündigung des Girokontovertrages durch die Bank,http://www.landesrecht-hamburg.de/jportal/portal/page/bsharprod.psml;jsessionid=5BD5F232682767BD07261EE2573601A1.jp13?printview=true&showdoccase=1&doc.id=JURE180018807&st=ent,last accessed on 23.June,2020.
[43] Marc Pedberg,Sahra Arif,“Navigating between U.S.secondary sanctions and the EU blocking regulation”,available at https://www.kneppelhout.nl/actueel/navigating-between-u-s-secondary-sanctions-and-the-eu-blocking-regulation,last accessed on June 23,2020.
[44] Rechtbank Den Haag,25-06-2019,C-09-573240-KG ZA 19-430,available at https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2019:6301,last accessed on June 23,2020.
[45] Robin Emmott and Alissa de Carbonnel,“European Investment Bank Casts Doubt on EU Plan to Salvage Nuclear Deal,”Reuters(July 18,2018),available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-eu/european-investment-bank-casts-doubt-on-eu-plan-to-salvage-nuclear-deal-idUSKBN1K81BD.
[46] See Press Release No.23/96,European Union,EU Regrets US Trade Legislation on Cuba,Iran and Libya(Apr.22,1996),available at http://www.eurunion.org/news/press/1996-2/pr23-96.htm;Press Release No.52/97,European Union,European Commission Publishes 1997 Report on US Trade Barriers(July 29,1997),available at http://www.eurunion.org/news/press/1997-3/pr52-97.htm;Press Release No.101/98,European Union,European Commission Finds Significant Barriers To Trade with United States(Nov.30,1998),available at http://www.eurunion.org/news/press/1998-4/pr101-98.htm.
[47] See European Union-United States:Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the U.S.Helms-Burton Act and the U.S.Iran and Libya Sanctions Act,Apr.11,1997,36 I.L.M.529(1997).
[48] 杜涛:《欧盟对待域外经济制裁的政策转变及其背景分析》,《德国研究》2012年第3期,第26页。
[49] S.Lohmann(2019),Extraterritorial U.S:Sanctions:only Domestic Courts Could Effectively Curb the Enforcement of U.S.Law abroad (SWP Comment,5/2019).Berlin:Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik-SWP-Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit.,https://doi.org/10.18449/2019C05.
[50] See Steve Coughlan et al.,Law beyond Borders:Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in an Age of Globalization 60(Toronto:Irwin Law,2014)and Harry L.Clark,Dealing with U.S.Extraterritorial Sanctions and Foreign Countermeasures,25(1),The University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 466(2004).
[51] 杜涛:《欧盟对待域外经济制裁的政策转变及其背景分析》,《德国研究》2012年第3期,第27-28页。
[52] 杜涛:《欧盟对待域外经济制裁的政策转变及其背景分析》,《德国研究》2012年第3期,第31页。
[53] EU Kommission,Vorschlag v.6.2.2015 für eine Verordnung des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates zum Schutz vor den Auswirkungen der extraterritorialen Anwendung von einem Drittland erlassener Rechtsakte sowie von darauf beruhenden oder sich daraus ergebenden Maßnahmen(Neufassung),COM/2015/48 final-2015/0027(COD)einschließlich Annexes 1-3.
[54] Begründung Nr.4 des Vorschlags der EU Kommission,COM/2015/48 final-2015/0027(COD).
[55] 尽管美国联邦最高法院推翻了该二审判决,发回重申,但美国最高法院给出的理由并不是反对礼让原则,而是认为中国商务部出具的“法庭之友”意见书不具有终局证明力。
[56] 杜涛:《国际私法原理》,复旦大学出版社2018年版,第114页。
[57] LG Frankfurt a.M.Urt.v.16.11.2017-2/24 O 37/17,BeckRS 2017,132344.
[58] See S.Lohmann(2019),Extraterritorial U.S.Sanctions:only Domestic Courts Could Effectively Curb the Enforcement of U.S.Law abroad.(SWP Comment,5/2019).Berlin:Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik-SWP-Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit.https://doi.org/10.18449/2019C05.
[59] 杜涛:《国际私法原理》,复旦大学出版社2018年版,第123页。